In 1992, after working 25 years as an engineer for the City of New York, Phillip Goldstein co-founded what is now Bulldog Investors, a value-oriented investment advisory firm that focuses primarily on closed-end funds, small cap operating companies, special purpose acquisition companies (SPACs), and special situations. Bulldog Investors often employs activism to unlock the intrinsic value of its investments. Since 1996, Bulldog Investors has conducted more than 50 proxy contests. Mr. Goldstein is currently a director of several listed companies.